When each one actually wins
Hire in-house when
The product is your core engine, you will keep a full team busy for years, and you can afford to wait 3 months before anything starts. Below full utilisation you are paying $200k a head for part-time need.
Use freelancers when
You have a small, well-scoped task and someone internal who can art-direct, manage, and QA it. The hourly rate looks cheap. The management time is the real price and nobody budgets for it.
Use a product studio when
You need a whole product rather than a piece of one, with design, engineering, and AI moving as 1 team on a fixed timeline and a fixed price. This is the default fit for founders going from idea to live product without building a department first, and it is the model we have run for 9 years across 315 products.